ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUMMIES: Dame Rai, Prince Ouabkhousenou, Ramses VI, Queen Anhapou and Unknown Woman

The mummy of the Dame Rai, thought to perhaps be the mother-in-law of Sethi I (19th dynasty) at Cairo Museum, Egypt.

A mummy that is thought to be Prince Ouabkhousenou (son of Amenhotep II) at Cairo Museum, Egypt. Pillagers cut and opened his thorax and head hoping to find treasures.

Ramses VI at Cairo Museum, Egypt. Photograph shows the rough techniques used for unbandaging mummies at the turn of the 20th century.

Queen Anhapou (right) and a unknown woman (left) at Cairo Museum, Egypt.

http://africanhistory.about.com/od/egyptology/ig/Egyptian-Mummies/Mummies-Dame-Rai.htm

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUMMIES: Unknown Mummy, Seqenenre Tao II and Ptolemaic Leg

An unknown mummy at Cairo Museum, Egypt. At the beginning of the century mummies were placed upright against a wall in order to photograph them.
http://africanhistory.about.com/od/egyptology/ig/Egyptian-Mummies/Mummies-unknown-mummy.htm

Seqenenre Tao II, (also called Sekenenra Taa) at Cairo Museum, Egypt. The pharaoh of the 17th dynasty was killed on the field of battle. The image shows the marks from the axe blow and the two spear thrusts that brought about his death.
http://africanhistory.about.com/od/egyptology/ig/Egyptian-Mummies/Mummies-Seqenenre-Tao-II.htm

The fate of very many worn out textiles was to be used in burials. Egyptian mummies, originally wrapped in complete cloths as if dressed, over the centuries became increasingly elaborate, provided with textile padding below and torn strips or "bandages" above. In the Ptolemaic period, the limbs of mummies were often separately wrapped. This leg fragment illustrates well the fine art of mummy wrapping at this time, an apotheosis of rags. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/textil/other.html

FAITH AND RELIGION IN ANCIENT EGYPT: Nomes and Nomes Signs

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Nomes or Nome signs refer to primitive images of nome gods, who were mostly in animal and to a lesser extent in plant form, or sacred objects usually served as nome signs. The provinces lying on the north-west edge of the Delta and the provinces in the south of Upper Egypt came into being at a later date, hence the fact that their nome signs are no longer on standards. The nomes were named after their symbols. As an example the Lower Egyptian nome signs have been illustrated here. The sign of the eight Lower Egyptian nome attained special importance as a symbol of Osiris. In Egyptian temples the nome signs were depicted above anthropomorphic nome gods who personified their areas, the twenty-two Upper Egyptian nomes being on the south wall and the twenty Lower Egyptian nomes on the north wall. (The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Egypt; Manfred Lurker, 1995)



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Deities of the Nile: Hapi, Khnum, Satis, Anuket, Heket and Taweret

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Although Osiris ordained the annual inundation, the god most associated with the river itself was Hapi, depicted as a human figure with a large belly and pendulous breasts. This corpulence represented the bounties of the Nile, whose waters flowed to nurture Egypt. Hymns addressed to the Nile spoke of its bounty, expressing joy at its coming, and sorrow at the plight of Egypt when the Nile floods failed. The inundation was ritually greeted with thanks and jubilation in honour of Hapi, its patron divinity. The god is depicted with a papyrus plant, another symbol of the benefits of the Nile, sprouting from the top of his head.

The Nile was a river of creative forces. Its source was believed to be in the underworld, where it was connected to a subterranean stream. from the underworld it issued to the surface between granite rocks close to the First Cataract near Elephantine in the far south. As the fount of fertility, the source of the Nile was linked to the ram-headed creator god Khnum, who was believed to have fashioned humankind from Nile mud on a potter´s wheel. Satis, the consort of Khnum in the south, together with her companion Anuket, were revered as the dispensers of cool water. Satis was often depicted pouring water onto the earth to endow it with life. Unlike Khnum, she was shown in human form wearing the crown of Upper Egypt with two gazelle horns.

Anuket

Scenes from the New Kingdom Temple including (left) Khnum & Tuthmosis III,(above right) Satis in a boat, and (below Tuthmosis III and Khnum; http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/satistemple.htm)

Nile creatures, such as the hippopotamus, the crocodile and fish, were venerated as gods of fertility. Heket, a frog, was revered as a goddess of childbirth, as was the hippopotamus goddess, Taweret. In the story of Isis and Osiris, Heket was said to have assisted Isis in bringing the murdered Osiris briefly back to life, in order that he could father the god Horus.

(*) Text extract from Ancient Egypt, edited by David P. Silverman (Judy Piatkus Publishers, London 1997)

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THE LITURGY OF FUNERARY OFFERINGS ( E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, 1909)

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This book has text and analysis of the "Book of the Opening of the Mouth". The ritual consisted of offering a long sequence of foodstuffs, beverages, cosmetics and other consumables, along with a litany recited by the priests. This text was also painted on the walls of the royal tomb. This text comprises an important part of the 'Pyramid Texts'.

PREFACE

THE present volume contains the Egyptian text and English translations of two copies of one of the most, important documents connected with the dead which have come down to us, namely, a detailed list of the offerings which were made to the dead, and also of the consecrating formulae which were recited by the chief officiating priest, as he presented them to a mummified body, or to a statue of the deceased. The ancient title of the composition, if it ever had one in early days, is unknown to us, but it has been called the "Liturgy of Funerary Offerings," because the document deals exclusively with the presentation of offerings to the dead, and because this title is convenient for reference.

This Liturgy is associated in the funerary texts in the tombs and papyri with another work entitled the "Book of Opening the Mouth" and this fact suggests that it is a portion of or a supplement to it, and that it is a development of the canonical List of Offerings which we have reason to believe was in existence under the IIIrd or IVth Dynasty. We know that funerary chapels were attached to the. pyramids and mastaba tombs of this period, and that offerings of meat and drink were made in them to the dead daily by properly qualified priests. It follows as a matter of course that the proceedings of the priests were regulated by some system, and that some kind of written service must have been recited regularly, and we are justified in believing that the Liturgy of Funerary Offerings was that which was commonly said for kings and other royal personages, and for men of high civil and ecclesiastical rank.



In the case of the "Book of Opening the Mouth" the object of the recital was, in the earliest times at least, to bring about the reconstitution and resurrection of the dead man, and even in later times, when the work was recited before a statue, on which the accompanying ceremonies were performed, the idea of the Egyptians on this matter remained unchanged. It must be remembered also that the Egyptians intended by means of ceremonies and formulae to bring back the Ka, or double, either to the dead man, from whom it had been temporarily separated, or to a statue which represented him; and when this had been done they believed it to be their bounden duty to provide meat and drink for its maintenance. It was the Ka and the heart-soul (Ba), not the spirit-soul (Khu), which fed upon the offerings, and if meat and drink of a suitable character, and in sufficient quantity, were not provided for them, these suffered from hunger and thirst, and if the supply of offerings failed, they perished by starvation. The texts make it quite clear that the Egyptians believed in a dual-soul; one member could not die, but the other only lived as long as it was fed with offerings by the living and provided with an abode, i.e., a statue. Offerings were brought to the funerary chapels and tombs daily, and additional gifts were presented on the days of all great festivals.

In very primitive times offerings of meat and drink were brought to the graves, and laid there for the souls of the dead to partake of at pleasure, just as is the case at the present day in -many places in the Sudan. When the ceremonies connected with the Book of Opening the Mouth were evolved, it became customary for the offerings to be brought forward at a certain place in the service, and afterwards, little by little, the canonical List of Offerings, and its later development, the Liturgy of Funerary Offerings, came into being.

As in the Book of Opening the Mouth the words spoken by the Kher-heb, or chief officiating priest, were believed to change the meat, and bread, and wine into divine substances, so in the Liturgy also the formula which was said over each element was supposed to change it into a divine and spiritual food, which was partaken of by the souls of the gods and of the dead. The material elements of the offerings were eaten by the priests and the relatives of the dead, and the act of eating brought them into communion with the blessed dead, and with the gods. The age of the belief in the transmutation of offerings cannot be stated, but it is certain that it was well known to the Egyptians under the Vth Dynasty, and there is reason to think that it was not unknown to their ancestors in the latter part of the Neolithic Period, and that it is coeval with the indigenous African belief in the immortality of the soul, and in a life beyond the grave.

The life of the Liturgy of Funerary Offerings was long. It is found in a more or less complete form in many mastaba tombs of the Ancient Empire, in a very complete form in the pyramids of Unas and Pepi II., in incomplete forms on sarcophagi and in tombs of the XIIth Dynasty, and in the tomb of Seti I. of the XIXth Dynasty, and in complete forms in the tomb of Peta-Amen-hp of the XXVIth Dynasty and in papyri written in the first or second century of the Christian Era. The changes textually in the complete copies of the different periods are very few, and we may say that this work was used by generation after generation, in a practically unaltered form, for about four thousand years.

A description of the labours of my predecessors on this important text will be found in the introductory matter to the present volume.

E. A. WALLIS BUDGE.

BRITISH MUSEUM,
August 5th, 1909.

Read this book online at: http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/lfo/index.htm
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Child Mumy at the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum (San Jose, California)

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Medical Modeling LLC has teamed up with researchers at Stanford University Hospital (Palo Alto, CA), Stanford-NASA Biocomputation Center (Palo Alto, CA)and Silicon Graphics (Mountain View, CA) to find out more about a mummy with an unknown past. The mummy, belonging to the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum & Planetarium in San Jose, Calif., is believed to be that of a four to six year old child who lived around the time of Christ. Researchers have spent the last several months working on unraveling key details about the child mummy named Sherit, an ancient Egyptian name that means “little one”, a name given to the mummy by the museum’s curators.

On May 6th 2005 the mummy, long owned by the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum
and Planetarium, traveled to Stanford University Hospital to be imaged using
computed tomography (CT) and other non-invasive medical imaging techniques.
Researchers at Stanford took over 60,000 images of the mummy in one day, what
is believed to be the largest series of scans ever performed on a mummy. Since
then researchers at Silicon Graphics have been working to unravel some of the
unknowns surrounding this mummy, still wrapped after 2000 years.

Read the complete report and conclusions at:
http://www.medicalmodeling.com/mummy/ChildMummy_ProjectOverview.pdf
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ANCIENT EGYPT MUMMIES: Hospital brain scanner reveals the identity of 2,000-year-old Egyptian mummy (Daily Mail; 27.03.09)

By Fiona Macrae (27th March 2009)

For two thousands years, their secrets have remained locked inside intricate layers of linen.Now, the details of their life - and death - are being exposed with the help of 21st century technology.

Three child mummies have been virtually unwrapped by sophisticated X-ray scanners more usually used to detect brain tumours in hospitals.Using a CT scanner, scientists have been able to peer through the multiple layers of tightly wrapped linen that protected the youngsters on their journey to the afterlife.

One of the 2,000-year-old mummies before it is passed through the hospital scanner

Within just an hour of starting the scans at BMI The Blackheath Hospital, in London, the scientists made a startling discovery. A gold-masked mummy, long thought to belong to a girl was in fact the remains of a boy of around two years old.

Forensic Egyptologist Janet Davey said: 'We have already been stunned to discover, and amused too, that one of the mummies is in fact a boy.´

Since the mummy has been at the British Museum, in the late 1800s or early 1900s, experts believed it was a girl because of the gold drapery and decorative purple flowers the mummy was holding. 'So it is quite exciting to get the 3-D images and discover it is a boy. The photos are a fascinating window into the past and we will learn many things from them.'

The scanner has yet to provide clues as to how the boy died, with no immediate signs of injury, malnutrition or illness such as brittle bone disease.

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1165317/Its-boy-Hospital-brain-scanner-reveals-identity-2-000-year-old-Egyptian-mummy.html#ixzz0P5hpo0Uk

Chronological Timeline of Ancient Egyptian Dynasties

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(*) All dates prior to the 17th century BCE are approximate.



Predynastic Period c.3500-3100 BCE

Early Dynastic Period c.3100-2686 BCE

'Scorpion'
Narmer

1st Dynasty c.3100-2890 BCE

Menes (Hor-Aha)
Djer
Wadj (Djet)
Den
Anendjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a

2nd Dynasty c.2890-2686 BCE

Hotepsekhemwy
Raneb
Nynetjer
Seth-Peribsen
Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom c.2686-2181 BCE

3rd Dynasty c.2686-2613 BCE

Sanakhte (Nebka) (c.2688-2668)
Djoser (c.2668-2649)
Sekhemkhet (Djoser Teti) (c.2649-2641)
Khaba (c.2641-2637)
Huni (c.2637-2613)

4th Dynasty c.2613-2494 BCE

Snofru (c.2613-2589)
Khufu (Cheops) (c.2585-2566)
Djedefre (c.2566-2558)
Khafre (Rekhaf) (c.2558-2532)
Menkaure (Mykerinos) (c.2532-2514)
Shepseskaf (c.2514-2494)

5th Dynasty c.2494-2345 BCE

Userkaf (c.2494-2487)
Sahure (c.2487-2475)
Neferirkare Userkhau (c.2475-2455)
Shepseskare (c.2455-2448)
Raneferef (c.2448-2445)
Niuserre (c.2445-2421)
Menkauhor (c.2421-2413)
Djedkare (c.2413-2381)
Unas (Wenis) (c.2381-2345)

6th Dynasty c.2345-2181 BCE

Teti (c.2345-2313)
Pepi I Meryre (c.2313-2279)
Merenre (c.2279-2270)
Pepi II Neferkare (c.2279-2181)

First Intermediate Period c.2181-2040 BCE

7/8th Dynasty c.2181-2173 BCE

Wadjkare
Qakare Iby

9/10th Dynasty c.2160-2040 BCE

Meryibre Kheti (Akhtoy) I
Merykare
Kanrferre
Nebkaure Kheti (Akhtoy) II
Wahkare Kheti (Akhtoy) III
Merikare

11th Dynasty c.2133-1991 BCE

Intef I (Inyotef I) Sehertawy (c.2133-2123)
Intef II (Inyotef II) Wahankh (c.2123-2074)
Intef III (Inyotef III) Nakhtnebtepnefer (c.2074-2066)
Mentuhotep I ? (c.2066-2040)
Middle Kingdom c.2040-1786 BCE

11th Dynasty

Mentuhotep II Nebhepetre (c.2040-2010)
Mentuhotep III Sankhkare (c.2010-1998)
Mentuhotep IV Nebtawyre (c.1998-1991)

12th Dynasty c.1991-1786 BCE

Amenemhet I Sehetepibre (c.1991-1962)
Senusret I Kheperkare(c.1962-1917)
Amenemhet II Nubkaure (c.1917-1882)
Senusret II Khakhperre (c.1882-1878)
Senusret III Khakaure (c.1878-1841)
Amenemhet III Nimaatre (c.1841-1796)
Amenemhet IV Maakherure (c.1796-1790)
Queen Sobeknerfu Neferusobek (c.1790-1786)

Second Intermediate Period c.1786-1567 BCE

13th Dynasty (about 70 kings) c.1786-1633 BCE

Wegaf Khawitawire (c.1783 - 1779)
Amenemhet V Sekhemkare
Harnedjheriotef Hetepibre
Sobekhotep I Khaankhre (ca.1750)
Hor
Amenemhet VII Sedjefakare
Sobekhotep II Sekhemre-Khutawy (ca.1745)
Khendjer
Sobekhotep III
Neferhotep I Khasekhemre (c.1723-1713)
Sobekhotep IV Merihotepre Khaneferre (c.1713)
Iaib (c.1713-1703)
Ay Merneferre (c.1703-1680)
Neferhotep II
and eight more kings

14th Dynasty c.1786-1603 BCE

Nehesy

15th Dynasty c.1674-1567 BCE

Hyksos kings
Semqen ? Aper-Anati ?
Sakir-Har
Khyan (Apachnan)
Apepi I (Apophis)
Apepi II (Khamudi?) (c.1542-1532)

16th Dynasty c.1684-1567 BCE

Hyksos kings
?
?

17th Dynasty c.1650-1567

Sobekemsaf I Sekhemre Wadjkhau
Sobekemsaf II
Intef VII
Tao I Seakhtenre
Tao II Sekenenre
Kamose Wadjkheperre

New Kingdom c.1570-1070 BCE

18th Dynasty c.1570-1293 BCE

Ahmose I Nebpehtyre (c.1570-1546)
Amenhotep I Djeserkare (c.1546-1527)
Thutmose I Akheperkare (c.1527-1515)
Thutmose II Akheperenre (c.1515-1498)
Queen Hatshepsut Maatkare (c.1498-1483)
Thutmose III Menkhepere (c.1504-1450)
Amenhotep II Akheperure (c.1450-1412)
Thutmose IV Men-khepru-Re (1412-1402)
Amenhotep III Nebmaatre (c.1402-1364)
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten Neferkheperure (c.1350-1334)
Smenkhkare Ankhheperure (c.1334)
Tutankhamen Nebkheperoure (c.1334-1325)
Ay Kheperkheperure (c.1325-1321)
Horemheb Djeserkheperure (c.1321-1293)

19th Dynasty c.1293-1185 BCE

Ramses I Menpehtyre (c.1293-1291)
Seti I Merienptah Menmaatre (c.1291-1278)
Ramses II Meriamen Usermaatre Setepenre (c.1279-1212)
Merneptah Hetephermaat Baenre Meriamen (c.1212-1202)
Amenmes Heqawaset Menmire Setepenre (c.1202-1199)
Seti II Merenptah Userkheperure Setepenre (c.1199-1193)
Merneptah Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre (c.1193-1187)
Queen Twosret Setepenmut Sitre Meriamen (c.1187-1185)

20th Dynasty c.1185-1070 BCE

Sethnakhte Userkhaure Setepenre (c.1185-1182)
Ramses III Usermaatre Meriamen (c.1182-1151)
Ramses IV Usermaatre/Heqamaatre-Setepenamen (c.1151-1145)
Ramses V Usermaatre Sekheperenre (c.1145-1141)
Ramses VI Nebmaatre Meriamen (c.1141-1133)
Ramses VII Usermaatre Setepenre Meriamen (c.1133-1128)
Ramses VIII Usermaatre Akhenamen (c.1128-1126)
Ramses IX Neferkare Setepenre (c.1126-1108)
Ramses X Khepermaatre Setepenptah (c.1108-1098)
Ramses XI Menmaatre Setepenptah (c.1098-1070)

Third Intermediate Period c.1070-664 BCE

High Priests (Thebes)

Contemporaries of the 21st dynasty at Tanis

Herihor Siamun Hemnetjertepyenamun (c.1080-1074)
Piankh (c.1074-1070)
Pinedjem I Meriamen Khakheperre Setepenamun (c.1070-1032)
Masaherta (c.1054-1046)
Djedkhonsefankh (c.1046-1045)
Menkheperre (c.1045-992)
Smendes II (c.992-990)
Pinedjem II (c.990-969)
Psusennes (c.969-959)

21st Dynasty

Tanite c.1070-945 BCE
Nesbanebded Hedjkheperre Setepenre (Smendes I) (c.1070-1043)
Nephercheres (Neferkare-hekawise Amenemnisu Meramun (c.1043-1039)
Psusennes I Akheperre Setepenamun (c.1039-1000)
Amenemope Usimare Setepenamun (c.1000-991)
Osorkon the elder (Osochor) (c.991-985)
Psinaches (c.985-976)
Psusennes II Titkheprure (c.976-962)
Siamun Nutekheperre Setepenamun Siamun Meramun (c.962-945)

22nd Dynasty

Bubastite c.945-730 BCE
Sheshonq I Hedjkheperre Setepenre (c.945-924)
Osorkon I Sekhemkheperre Setepenre (c.924–889)
Sheshonq II Hekakheperre Setepenre (ca. 890)
Takelot I Usimare (c.889–874)
Osorkon II Usimare Setepenamun (c.874–850)
Harsiese (ca. 865)
Takelot II Hedjkheperre Setepenre (c.850–825)
Sheshonq III Usimare Setepenamun (c.825–773)
Pamai (c.773–767)
Sheshonq V Akheperre (c.767–730)
Osorkon IV (c.730–712)

23rd Dynasty

Tanite c.817-730 BCE
Pedibastet Meriamen Usermaatre Setepenre(c.818–793)
Iuput I (ca. 800)
Sheshonq IV Usermaatre Meriamen (c.793–787)
Osorkon III Usermaatre Setepenamen (c.787–759)
Takelot III Usermaatre (c.764–757)
Rudamon Usermaatre Setepenamen (c.757–754)
Iuput II Meriamen sibastet Usermaatre (c.754–712)
Nimlot (ca. 740)
Peftjauabastet Nefer-ka-re (c.740–725)
Thutemhat (ca. 720)
Pedinemti (ca. 700)

24th Dynasty c.720-714 BCE

Shepsesre Tefnakht (c.724-717)
Wahkare Bakenrenef (c.717-712)

25th Dynasty 747-656 BCE

Piye Usimare Sneferre (Piankhi) (747-716)
Shabaka Neferkare Wahibre (716-702)
Shebitku Djedkaure Menkheperre (702-689)
Taharka Khunefertemr (689-663)
Tanutamun Bakare (663-656)
Late Dynastic Period 664-332 BCE

26th Dynasty 664-525 BCE

Necho I (664-656)
Psammetic I Wahemibre Psamtek (656-609)
Necho II Wahemibre Neko (609-594)
Psammetic II Neferibre Psamtek (594-587)
Wahibre (Haaibre) (Apries) (587-569)
Ahmose II Khnemibre (Amasis) (569-526)
Psammetic III Ankhkaenre (526)

27th Dynasty 525-404 BCE

Cambyses II (525-522)
Darius I (521-486)
Xerxes (486-465)
Artaxerxes I (465-424)
Darius II (423-405)
Artaxerxes II (405-359)

28th Dynasty 404-399 BCE

Amenirdis (Amyrtaeus) (404-399)

29th Dynasty 399-380 BCE

Nefaarud I (Nepherites I) (399-393)
Psammuthis Userre Setepenptah Pasherienmut (ca. 392)
Hakor Khnemmaere Setpenkhnum (Achoris) (392-380)
Nefaarud II (Nepherites II) (380)

30th Dynasty 380-343 BCE

Nakhtnebef Kheperkare (Nectanebo I) (380-362)
Djedhor (362-360)
Nekhtharehbe Snedjemibre Setpenanhur (Nectanebo II) (360-343)

31st Dynasty 343-332 BCE

Artaxerxes III (343-338)
Arses (338-336)
Darius III (336-332)

The Graeco-Roman Period

Macedonian Kings

Alexander the Great (332-323)
Philip III Arrhidaeus (323-317)
Alexander IV Aegus (317-311)
Ptolemaic Dynasty 323-30 BCE
Ptolemy I Soter (305-282)
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (284-246)
Arsinoe II (278-270)
Ptolemy III Euergetes I (246-222)
Bernice II (246-221)
Ptolemy IV Philopator (222-205)
Ptolemy V Epiphanes (205-180)
Harwennefer (205-199)
Ankhwennefer (199-186)
Cleopatra I (194-176)
Ptolemy VI Philometor (180-164)
Cleopatra II (175-115)
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (164-145)
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (145)
Cleopatra III (142-101)
Ptolemy IX Soter II (116-80)
Ptolemy X Alexander I (107-88)
Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80)
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (80-51)
Queen Bernice IV (58-55)
Ptolemy XIII (51-47)
Queen Cleopatra VII (51-30)
Ptolemy XIV (47-44)
Ptolemy XV (44-30)
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OLD PHOTOGRAPHS AND POSTCARDS: Cairo´s Pyramids (1904), Alexandrie (1907), "Tut Ankh Amen" (1928)...

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These six cards belong to my collection of early 20th-century Egyptian postcards.

Cairo´s Pyramids (Stamped in 1904)

Alexandrie, Place des Consuls (Stamped in 1907 )

Cairo´s MuseumCairo - Obelisk of Matarieh

The pyramids of Kheops and Khephren

The Paraoh "Tut Ankh Amen" (Stamped in 1928)

ANCIENT EGYPT ART: Gold Bracelets, Meritamun´s Cedarwood Coffin and Ahhotep II´s Bead Bracelets

Solid gold bracelets set with lapis lazuli and bearing the cartouches of Ramesses II. The lapis lazuli forms the central body of a goose, which has two heads and a tail worked in gold. Found in 1906 in the Nile Delta, the bracelets were probably a gift from the king to a favored courtier.

Cedarwood coffin of Queen Ahmose Meritamun, daughter of Ahmose I and Queen Ahmose Nefertari, and sister and wife of King Amenhotep I, from her tomb at Deir el-Bahri in western Thebes.

In 1859 the intact of a 17th-Dynasty queen, Ahhotep II-who was the widow of King Kamose-was discovered at Dra Abu el-Naga in Western Thebes. More typical of a king´s burial than a queen´s, it contained the queen´s richly gilded coffin and many items of magnificent gold and jewelry, such as these exquisite bead bracelets of gold and semiprecious stones.

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D. Pemberton and J. Fletcher (Treasures of the Pharaohs, 2004)